Orwik

Differential prefrontal white matter development in chimpanzees and humans.

A comparison of developmental patterns of white matter (WM) within the prefrontal region between humans and nonhuman primates is key to understanding human brain evolution. WM mediates complex cognitive processes and has reciprocal connections with p... expand abstractosterior processing regions [1,2]. Although the developmental pattern of prefrontal WM in macaques differs markedly from that in humans [3], this has not been explored in our closest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee. The present longitudinal study of magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated that the prefrontal WM volume in chimpanzees was immature and had not reached the adult value during prepuberty, as observed in humans but not in macaques. However, the rate of prefrontal WM volume increase during infancy was slower in chimpanzees than in humans. These results suggest that a less mature and more protracted elaboration of neuronal connections in the prefrontal portion of the developing brain existed in the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, and that this served to enhance the impact of postnatal experiences on neuronal connectivity. Furthermore, the rapid development of the human prefrontal WM during infancy may help the development of complex social interactions, as well as the acquisition of experience-dependent knowledge and skills to shape neuronal connectivity. collapse abstract

Useful visual field in patients with schizophrenia: a choice reaction time study.

Membrane fatty acid levels as a predictor of treatment response in chronic schizophrenia.

Abnormal fatty acid composition in neural membranes, that is, the balance between essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs) and saturated fatty acids, has been suggested to be related to the psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment of schizop... expand abstracthrenia. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to ameliorate positive symptoms and cognitive function relevant to daily living would be predicted by baseline EPUFAs concentrations in the erythrocyte membrane in subjects with schizophrenia. A total of 24 actively psychotic patients with schizophrenia participated in the study. After blood drawing, they were treated with olanzapine or perospirone. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for Assessment of Negative symptoms (SANS), as well as the script tasks, a measure of event schema recognition, were administered at baseline and 3months after the start of treatment. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid levels were analysed using a gas chromatography system. Scores of SAPS and SANS, as well as script task performance, were improved during treatment with either antipsychotic drug. Regression analysis indicates baseline EPUFAs concentrations were positively and negatively related with percent improvement of positive symptoms and script task performance, respectively. The results of this study suggest composition of phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane provide a feasible marker to predict treatment response in patients with schizophrenia. collapse abstract

The effects of cognitive rehabilitation on social knowledge in patients with schizophrenia.

This study examined the extent to which cognitive rehabilitation alleviates cognitive deficits in schizophrenia compared to treatment as usual, and explored the mediating and moderating effects on cognitive improvement. Two groups who received cognit... expand abstractive rehabilitation and treatment as usual were assessed at baseline, three months (immediately post-intervention) and at follow-up (three months post-intervention). Cognitive rehabilitation focused on deficits in social knowledge and was conducted once a week for three months. The principles of errorless leaning and scaffolding informed the intervention. Outcomes were assessed using Script Test measures of social cognition. Other cognitive functions (executive functions and memory) and clinical symptoms were also assessed. Script Test for social knowledge and Rule Shift Test for cognitive flexibility scores were significantly better post-intervention in the cognitive rehabilitation group, while in the control group only free recall Script Test scores improved. Cognitive rehabilitation focused on social knowledge deficits can contribute to improvements in the social cognitive abilities of schizophrenic patients. Improvements in social cognitive functioning were durable at three-month follow-up. Cognitive rehabilitation can clearly benefit schizophrenic patients, at least when combined with atypical antipsychotic medication. collapse abstract

Effect of perospirone on P300 electrophysiological activity and social cognition in schizophrenia: a three-dimensional analysis with sloreta.

The purpose of this study was to determine if perospirone, a second generation antipsychotic drug and partial agonist at serotonin-5-HT(1A) receptors, enhances electrophysiological activity, such as event-related potentials (ERPs), in frontal brain r... expand abstractegions, as well as cognitive function in subjects with schizophrenia. P300 current source images were obtained by means of standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) before and after treatment with perospirone for 6 months. Perospirone significantly increased P300 current source density in the left superior frontal gyrus, and improved positive symptoms and performance on the script tasks, a measure of verbal social cognition, while verbal learning memory tended to be improved. There was a significant correlation between the changes in P300 amplitude on the left frontal lead and those in social cognition. These results suggest the changes in three-dimensional distribution of cortical activity, as demonstrated by sLORETA, may mediate some of the actions of antipsychotic drugs. The distinct cognition-enhancing profile of perospirone in patients with schizophrenia may be related to its actions on 5-HT(1A) receptors. collapse abstract

The relationship between prefrontal brain volume and characteristics of memory strategy in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The present study investigated the relationship between memory strategy use and prefrontal gray/white matter volumes of healthy control subjects, patients with schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder. Gray/white matter volumes were measured for the sup... expand abstracterior, middle, inferior, ventral medial and orbital prefrontal regions, using high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images that were acquired from 35 patients with schizophrenia, 25 patients with schizotypal disorder and 19 healthy subjects. Participants were also administered the Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT). In control subjects, larger left inferior frontal and straight gyrus's gray matter volumes were associated with higher semantic clustering rates on the JVLT, and smaller left inferior frontal gray matter volumes were associated with higher serial clustering ratio. In schizophrenic patients, smaller left orbitofrontal gray matter volumes were associated with lower semantic clustering rates on the JVLT. In schizotypal patients, smaller left inferior frontal white matter volume was associated with smaller serial clustering rates and larger semantic clustering rate. These findings suggest that semantic organization in schizophrenic patients might depend on mobilization of a memory strategy that is mediated by orbitofrontal cortex functioning. Failure to use a semantic organization strategy might be related to reduced volume in the inferior frontal gyrus. The findings for schizotypal patients suggest a compensation mechanism to remember the words using a serial processing strategy is at work when the inferior frontal gyrus cannot mediate semantic processing. collapse abstract

Impaired neuroanatomic development in infants with congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: We performed a regional volumetric study of the brain using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in infants with congenital heart disease to search for variables in anatomic development of the brain that may be associated with functio... expand abstractnal impairment. METHODS: Forty infants with congenital heart disease-17 infants with single ventricle physiology, 5 with transposition of great arteries, and 18 with ventricular septal defect-were studied prospectively by 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain several months after heart surgery. RESULTS: The global volume of gray matter was significantly reduced in the patients with congenital heart disease compared with normal controls (P < .001), whereas no significant difference in the volume of white matter was observed. Further, the decrease in gray matter volume was more apparent in the frontal lobe than in the temporal lobe, especially in infants with single ventricle physiology or transposition of the great arteries. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative hypoxia is strongly associated with decreased frontal gray matter volume (P < .01), as well as a diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P < .05). Of note, frontal gray matter volume, which includes the motor area, correlated weakly with psychomotor developmental index scores (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Brain developmental impairment occurs in many infants with congenital heart disease, especially in those who have preoperative hypoxia and critical congenital heart disease. This quantitative volumetric study encourages larger scale and longitudinal follow-up to elucidate the significance of impaired neuroanatomic development on functional outcome. collapse abstract

Application of the Bayley scales of infant development as a developmental test for Japanese infants with congenital heart disease

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development 2nd edition (BSID-II) is used worldwide as a test for assessing development in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD); however, a Japanese version of these tests is not available. To introduce BSID-II in J... expand abstractapan, it was first used for 1-year-old Japanese infants with and without CHD (controls). The BSID-II scores of the control group were lower than American standards. In addition, the scores of the infants with CHD were lower than those of the controls, particularly the scores for motor development. Tsumori's Mental Development Test scores for the two groups were comparable; however, a diverse correlation was observed between BSID-II and Tsumori's Mental Development Test. No problems were encountered during the translation and use of BSID-II. These results suggest that BSID-II is useful for the assessment of development in Japanese infants. collapse abstract

Electrophysiological basis for the ability of olanzapine to improve verbal memory and functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia: a LORETA analysis of P300.

Abnormality of P300 waveforms of event-related potentials (ERPs) has been suggested to represent an aspect of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Previous work points to the contribution of altered neural function in discrete brain regions in the l... expand abstracteft hemisphere to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. In this study, we sought to determine: 1) if patients with schizophrenia elicit a decreased P300 current source density in brain areas, such as the superior temporal gyrus (STG); 2) if decreased P300 generator density in the left STG is recovered by treatment with the most widely-used antipsychotic drug olanzapine; and 3) if the recovery of P300 source density is associated with improvements of cognitive and functional status. P300 in response to an auditory oddball task, as well as verbal learning memory, psychopathology, and quality of life were evaluated in 16 right-handed patients with schizophrenia before and after treatment with olanzapine for 6 months. ERP data were also obtained from 16 right-handed age and gender-matched normal volunteers. Low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) analysis was used to obtain current density images of P300. Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly smaller LORETA values in several brain regions in the left side, particularly STG, middle frontal gyrus, and precentral gyrus, compared with control subjects. Six-month treatment with olanzapine significantly increased P300 source density only in the left STG. Positive symptoms, negative symptoms, verbal learning memory, and quality of life were also improved during treatment. Significant correlations were found between the increase in LORETA values of left STG vs. improvements of negative symptoms, as measured by Scale for the Assessment of the Negative Symptoms, and verbal learning memory, as measured by the Japanese Verbal Learning Test. Improvement of quality of life, as evaluated by the Quality of Life Scale, were significantly associated with an increase in LORETA values of middle frontal gyrus, and tended to correlate with that of precentral gyrus. The results of this study suggest that changes in cortical activity, as measured by ERPs, are responsible for the ability of some antipsychotic drugs to improve cognition and functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia. collapse abstract

Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and social cognition in schizophrenia.

Abnormal metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs), a component of phospholipids in neural membranes, has been suggested to be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationsh... expand abstractip between EPUFA concentrations in erythrocyte membranes, a peripheral measure of phospholipid composition in the brain, and clinical variables, such as cognitive performance relevant to social functions, in patients with schizophrenia. Erythrocyte membrane levels of EPUFAs, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated acids were measured in 25 patients with schizophrenia and 32 age- and gender-matched 32 normal volunteers. The script tasks, a measure of social cognition, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were administered to the patients. The levels of EPUFAs, but not those of saturated or monosaturated fatty acids, were significantly lower in patients than in normal controls. The degree of a decrease in EPUFA levels was positively correlated with severity of positive symptoms and impairment of frequency judgment performance on the script tasks, while no such correlations were found with negative symptoms, attention as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised-Digit Span, or verbal memory as measured by the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. These results provide the first suggestion for a contribution of decreased levels of EPUFAs to impaired social cognition, as represented by event schema, in patients with schizophrenia. collapse abstract

Cognitive functioning related to quality of life in schizophrenia.

The present study compared the cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia to that of healthy subjects, and investigated the relationships between cognitive function and quality of life (QOL). Participants consisted of 53 patients meeting DSM-I... expand abstractV criteria for schizophrenia and 31 normal controls. All participants completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing executive function, verbal memory, and social knowledge. QOL was rated using the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale. Patients with schizophrenia showed lower performance across various cognitive measures of memory, including the Sentence Memory Test, the Verbal Learning Test, and the Script Test, as well as the Rule Shift Cards Test of executive function. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the neuropsychological measures and clinical symptoms to predict QOL. The QOL total score, the social initiative score or the empathy score were significantly predicted by the Script or/and the Sentence Memory. Neuropsychological functioning was unrelated to most QOL scores in the presence of clinical symptoms, while ability of empathy in the QOL was predicted by performance of the Sentence Memory Test. These results demonstrated patients with schizophrenia have deficits in executive function, memory and learning, and social knowledge, and that social knowledge and memory are related to QOL. Thus, in patients with schizophrenia, deficits in social knowledge appear to be associated with current QOL in general, and specifically with the capacity for empathy and social initiative. collapse abstract

Impairment of story memory organization in patients with schizophrenia.

The aim of the present paper was to examine the organization of story memory in schizophrenia. Participants were 35 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy subjects who completed the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. The organization of story memory ... expand abstractwas evaluated with the Logical Memory subtest. Schizophrenia patients scored significantly lower than controls on thematic sequencing, and significant negative correlations were found between positive symptoms and thematic sequencing. These findings suggest that schizophrenia has deficits in organization of story memory, which are related to symptoms such as disorganized thoughts and behavior. collapse abstract

Clinical value of constructional skill testing in patients with secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus--two case reports.

Cognitive functions are frequently impaired in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Two patients with NPH initially had dysfunctional constructional skill but exhibited improvements after shunt surgery. Dysfunction of constructional ski... expand abstractll should be added to the important clinical features of NPH. The geometric test can be used as a practical tool for evaluation of parietal lobe function in patients with NPH. collapse abstract

Schizotypal disorder and schizophrenia: a profile analysis of neuropsychological functioning in Japanese patients.

This study compares neuropsychological functioning in a Japanese schizophrenia spectrum disorder group and a group of healthy Japanese volunteers. Participants were 37 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 28 schizotypal patients, and 99 psychiatric... expand abstractally-normal volunteers. A wide range of cognitive measures were examined. All participants completed a Japanese version of a neuropsychological battery assessing executive function, working memory, processing speed, language, verbal memory, and spatial organization. Comparisons of neuropsychological function demonstrated similarities and differences between patients diagnosed with schizotypal disorder and those diagnosed with schizophrenia. Impairments in verbal memory, language, and processing speed were common to both patient groups and may represent a vulnerability to schizophrenia. Impairments in aspects of working memory, spatial organization and executive function were preferentially observed in schizophrenia and may be features of the overt manifestation of psychosis. Possible differences in the contributions of prefrontal and temporo-limbic structures provide direction for further studies. collapse abstract

Effective adjunctive use of tandospirone with perospirone for enhancing verbal memory and quality of life in schizophrenia.

Activation of the prefrontal cortex during memory learning: near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical method to determine oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes in the human cerebral cortex. The purpose of this study was to examine the hemodynamic response of the prefrontal area du... expand abstractring words memory learning using NIRS. A total of 23 healthy subjects participated in the present study. Hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex was measured using a NIRS system. The number of words recalled and stimulus category repetition (SCR) were analyzed by the words memory learning task. During the words memory learning task, oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations increased and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations decreased. This typical pattern was maintained during each memory stage, but the degree of change of [oxyHb] during encoding from the first condition to the second condition was significantly larger than that during retrieval. This suggests that memory organization is facilitated during encoding of the first condition, and that the retrieval period through two conditions still involves more activation in the prefrontal area than the encoding period. An increase of [oxyHb] was not recognized and activation was inhibited when the strategy was applied. Subjects produced more SCR in the second condition than in the first condition in spite of strategy instruction. This result suggests healthy people can find out implicit category by themselves following learning even without instruction. There were no significant relationships between the behavior indices and the changes in hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to clarify usefulness of NIRS in patients with psychiatric disorder. collapse abstract

Influence of instruction on the Japanese Verbal Learning Test in patients with schizophrenia.

Parietal lobe volume deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

There has been little attention given to whether parietal lobe structural deficits are present in patients with schizophrenia and related personality disorders. The current study was designed to examine parietal volume alterations between schizophren... expand abstractia and schizotypal personality disorder. Twenty-five patients with schizotypal disorder, 53 patients with schizophrenia, and 59 healthy volunteers were scanned using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Volume measurements of the postcentral gyrus (PoCG), precuneus, superior parietal gyrus (SuPG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and angular gyrus (AGG) were performed on consecutive 1-mm coronal slices. Gray matter volumes were reduced in all parietal subregions in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. White matter volumes were also reduced in the SuPG and PoCG. In contrast, the schizotypal subjects had gray matter reductions only in the PoCG, while other regions were not affected. In addition, there was a lack of normal significant-leftward asymmetry in the SMG in schizophrenia. These findings demonstrate that volume reductions in the somatosensory cortices are common morphological characteristics in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The additional volume alterations in schizophrenia may support the notion that a deficit in the posterior parietal region is critical for the manifestation of overt psychotic symptoms. collapse abstract

Multivariate voxel-based morphometry successfully differentiates schizophrenia patients from healthy controls.

Currently available laboratory procedures might provide additional information to psychiatric diagnostic systems for more valid classifications of mental disorders. To identify the correlative pattern of gray matter distribution that best discriminat... expand abstractes schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects, we applied discriminant function analysis techniques using the multivariate linear model and the voxel-based morphometry. The first analysis was conducted to obtain a statistical model that classified 30 male healthy subjects and 30 male schizophrenia patients diagnosed according to current operational criteria. The second analysis was performed to prospectively validate the statistical model by successfully classifying a new cohort that consisted of 16 male healthy subjects and 16 male schizophrenia patients. Inferences about the structural relevance of the gray matter distribution could be made if the individual profile of pattern expression could be linked to the specific diagnosis of each subject. The result was that 90% of the subjects were correctly classified by the eigenimage, and the Jackknife approach revealed well above chance accuracy. The pattern of the eigenimage was characterized by positive loadings indicating gray matter decline in the patients in the lateral and medial prefrontal regions, insula, lateral temporal regions, medial temporal structures, and thalamus as well as the negative loadings reflecting gray matter increase in the patients in the putamen and cerebellum. When the eigenimage derived from the original cohort was applied to classify data from the second cohort, it correctly assigned more than 80% of the healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients. These findings suggest that the characteristic distribution of gray matter changes may be of diagnostic value for schizophrenia. collapse abstract

Electrical brain activity and response to olanzapine in schizophrenia: a study with LORETA images of P300.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in the distribution for the P300 generator, as demonstrated by Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) images, in patients with schizophrenia during treatment with olanzapine. Data were obta... expand abstractined from five right-handed patients treated with olanzapine for 6 months. Five right-handed normal volunteers also participated in the study. LORETA images of P300 in response to the odd-ball auditory discrimination task revealed a left dominant lateralized high current source density in the temporal lobes in all control subjects. Although this pattern of brain activation was not evident in patients at baseline, 6-month treatment with olanzapine recovered the left dominant pattern of the electrical density in the temporal regions, such as the Heschl gyrus, and improved performance on a test of verbal learning and memory. Scores of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale also improved during treatment. These results provide the first suggestion that enhancement of verbal memory and the functional status by treatment with some antipsychotic drugs may be associated with modulations of the anatomical configuration of electrical brain activity in patients with schizophrenia. collapse abstract

Impairment of memory organization in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder.

Verbal learning and the organization of memory in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder were compared with normal subjects. Three indices of memory organization (semantic clustering, serial clustering, and subjective clustering) were ca... expand abstractlculated from participants' responses on the Japanese Verbal Learning Test. Schizophrenic and schizotypal patients showed similar decrements in semantic organization compared with normal subjects. Neither patient group showed any effect of learning on their use of semantic organization, although both groups recalled more items as the number of trials increased. These results suggest that impairment of memory organization is a common characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. collapse abstract

Cognitive function in patients with severe carotid stenosis--evaluation of RBANS, WAIS-R and NART before treatment of carotid revascularization--

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cognitive function in preoperative patients with severe carotid stenosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Twenty-five patients with severe carotid stenosis were examined on their cognitive function by RBANS (Japanese version), WAIS-R (J... expand abstractapanese version), and NART (Japanese version) before treatment of carotid revascularization (endarterectomy or stenting). They had full activities of daily living without any hemiparesis, aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia at the time of the examinations. RESULTS: Mean intelligent quotient (IQ) measured by WAIS-R and NART was 104.0 +/- 10.7 and 101.3 +/- 13.4, (ns) respectively. Mean total scale of RBANS was 90.0 +/- 13.4, which was significantly lower than both the results of WAIS-R and NART. A mean value of each RBANS index was 91.3 +/- 11.7 in immediate memory, 102.0 +/- 18.2 in visuospatial/constructional, 93.2 +/- 8.7 in language, 84.6 +/- 14.7 in attention, and 92.1 +/- 14.4 in delayed memory. RBANS index significantly declined in immediate memory, language, attention and delayed memory than visuospatial/constructional. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative evaluation was available in RBANS, WAIS-R, and NART, which enabled the investigators to make a precise comparison between these methods. WAIS-R and NART showed a comparatively preserved function and were presumed to be useful for the evaluation of the baseline of cognitive function in preoperative patients. RBANS demonstrated a slight decrease in memory and attention in those patients and was expected to be useful to detect the cognitive dysfunction when compared with WAIS-R and NART. collapse abstract

Impairment of event schema in patients with schizophrenia: examination of script for shopping at supermarket.

The purpose of this study was to examine event schema, the conceptualization of past experience based on script theory, in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Subjects comprised 25 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and 31 normal in... expand abstractdividuals who gave informed consent. This experiment used three script tasks measuring free recall, frequency judgment, and sequencing of events encountered when shopping at a supermarket. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than did control subjects on all tasks. In particular, patients committed more errors when judging the events that "occasionally happen" in the frequency judgment task. On the other hand, these patients judged "seldom occurring events" relatively well. Patients with schizophrenia made more errors than normal people in the free recall task. Specifically, patients made more intrusion errors and failed to close scripts. There was a negative correlation between scores the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and performance on the free recall task. The results of the present study suggest that event schemas (semantic structure) in patients with schizophrenia are impaired which may be associated with positive symptoms and frontal lobe dysfunction. collapse abstract

Morphologic alterations of the parcellated superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia spectrum.

Morphologic abnormalities of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as well as its sub-regions such as Heschl's gyrus (HG) or planum temporale (PT) have been reported in schizophrenia patients, but have not been extensively studied in schizotypal subjects... expand abstract. In the present study, magnetic resonance images were acquired from 65 schizophrenia patients, 39 schizotypal disorder patients, and 72 healthy controls. Volumetric analyses were performed using consecutive 1-mm coronal slices on the temporal pole (TP) and superior temporal sub-regions [planum polare (PP), HG, PT, rostral STG, and caudal STG]. The HG was significantly smaller in schizophrenia patients compared with controls but not in schizotypal patients, while volume reductions of the left PT and bilateral caudal STG were common to both disorders. The TP gray matter was larger in female schizotypal patients compared with female schizophrenia patients. There were no significant group differences in the PP and rostral STG volume. In the subgroup of early phase schizophrenia patients (illness duration <1.0 year), smaller volumes for the left PP and rostral STG were correlated with hallucinations and delusions. Our findings suggest that morphologic changes in the posterior regions of the STG are common to the schizophrenia spectrum, whereas less involvement of the HG, and possibly the PP and rostral STG might be related to the sparing of schizotypal patients from developing overt psychosis. collapse abstract

Safe removal of glioblastoma near the angular gyrus by awake surgery preserving calculation ability--case report.

A 67-year-old patient presented with progressive agraphia, alexia, and impaired ability to calculate persisting for 4 weeks. He showed preserved ability to do single-digit addition and subtraction. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a tumor in t... expand abstracthe left parietal lobe. A malignant glioma was suspected, and awake craniotomy was performed to remove the tumor with functional cortical mapping to determine the cortices involved in calculation and language. His calculation ability was mapped on the angular gyrus, and partial resection of the tumor was achieved without deterioration of that ability. The histological diagnosis was glioblastoma multiforme. The patient's calculation ability improved dramatically after the operation. collapse abstract