Orwik

Depression, osteoporosis, serotonin and cell membrane viscosity between biology and philosophical anthropology.

ABSTRACT: Due to the relationship between biology and culture, we believe that depression, understood as a cultural and existential phenomenon, has clear markers in molecular biology. We begin from an existential analysis of depression constituting t... expand abstracthe human condition and then shift to analysis of biological data confirming, according to our judgment, its original (ontological) structure. In this way philosophy is involved at the anthropological level, in as much as it detects the underlying meanings of depression in the original biological-cultural horizon of human life. Considering the integration of knowledge it is the task of molecular biology to identify the aforementioned markers, to which the existential aspects of depression are linked to. In particular, recent works show the existence of a link between serotonin and osteoporosis as a result of a modified expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene. Moreover, it is believed that the hereditary or acquired involvement of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) or 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) is responsible for the reduced concentration of serotonin in the central nervous system, causing depression and affective disorders. This work studies the depression-osteoporosis relationship, with the aim of focusing on depressive disorders that concern the quantitative dynamic of platelet membrane viscosity and interactome cytoskeleton modifications (in particular Tubulin and Gsα protein) as a possible condition of the involvement of the serotonin axis (gut, brain and platelet), not only in depression but also in connection with osteoporosis. collapse abstract

Consciousness and Hallucinations: Molecular Considerations and Theoretical Questions

This paper focuses on aspects of quantitative and quantum approaches to the phenomenon of hallucination. Consideration is given to the molecular hypothesis of consciousness, to consciousness as perception of the self, and to hallucinatory percepti... expand abstracton as consciousness detached from reality. The possible transitional sequence viscosity of membrane / GS‐alpha protein / tubulin in altered states of consciousness is explored. collapse abstract

The Interactome Hypothesis of Depression

It has long been known that the most important function of platelets is to stop the flow of blood from wounds with the help of a set of enzymes, proteins, and lipids supporting complex metabolic clot‐forming mechanisms. It is also known that there... expand abstract are close correlations, both enzymatic and metabolic, between platelets and nerve cells with respect to the metabolism of several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, etc. Platelets, which serve an historic role as biological markers in psychiatry, can in fact be regarded as virtual "circulating neurons" or "brain ambassadors” that may offer a significant advantage in understanding the neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression. Critical points of potential specific linkage between platelets and depression include serotonin and membrane platelet fatty acids in relation to the cytoskeletal quantum‐nanowire network. This paper advances an “interactome” hypothesis of possible connections among enterochromaffin cells, serotonin, platelets and cytoskeletal proteins related to brain neurons with implications regarding the genesis of depressive psychopathology. It has long been known that the most important function of platelets is to stop the flow of blood from wounds with the help of a set of enzymes, proteins, and lipids supporting complex metabolic clot‐forming mechanisms. It is also known that there are close correlations, both enzymatic and metabolic, between platelets and nerve cells with respect to the metabolism of several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, etc. Platelets, which serve an historic role as biological markers in psychiatry, can in fact be regarded as virtual "circulating neurons" or "brain ambassadors” that may offer a significant advantage in understanding the neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression. Critical points of potential specific linkage between platelets and depression include serotonin and membrane platelet fatty acids in relation to the cytoskeletal quantum‐nanowire network. This paper advances an “interactome” hypothesis of possible connections among enterochromaffin cells, serotonin, platelets and cytoskeletal proteins related to brain neurons with implications regarding the genesis of depressive psychopathology. It has long been known that the most important function of platelets is to stop the flow of blood from wounds with the help of a set of enzymes, proteins, and lipids supporting complex metabolic clot‐forming mechanisms. It is also known that there are close correlations, both enzymatic and metabolic, between platelets and nerve cells with respect to the metabolism of several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, etc. Platelets, which It has long been known that the most important function of platelets is to stop the flow of blood from wounds with the help of a set of enzymes, proteins, and lipids supporting complex metabolic clot‐forming mechanisms. It is also known that there are close correlations, both enzymatic and metabolic, between platelets and nerve cells with respect to the metabolism of several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, etc. Platelets, which serve an historic role as biological markers in psychiatry, can in fact be regarded as virtual "circulating neurons" or "brain ambassadors” that may offer a significant advantage in understanding the neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression. Critical points of potential specific linkage between platelets and depression include serotonin and membrane platelet fatty acids in relation to the cytoskeletal quantum‐nanowire network. This paper advances an “interactome” hypothesis of possible connections among enterochromaffin cells, serotonin, platelets and cytoskeletal proteins related to brain neurons with implications regarding the genesis of depressive psychopathology. collapse abstract

A comparison of oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers: an

Background  Cigarette smoking is believed to cause oxidative stress by several mechanisms, including direct damage by radical species and the inflammatory response induced by smoking, and would therefore be expected to cause increased lipi... expand abstractd peroxidation. The aim was to carry out the first study of the relationship of smoking in humans to the level of n-3 lipid peroxidation indexed by the level of ethane in exhaled breath. collapse abstract

Fatty acids, membrane viscosity, serotonin and ischemic heart disease.

ABSTRACT: Novel markers for Ischemic Heart Disease are under investigation by the scientific community at international level. This work focuses a specific platelet membrane fatty acid condition of viscosity which is linked to molecular aspects such ... expand abstractas serotonin and G proteins, factors involved in vascular biology. A suggestive hypothesis is considered about the possibility to use platelet membrane viscosity, in relation to serotonin or, indirectly, the fatty acid profile, as indicator of ischemic risk. collapse abstract

Human depression: a new approach in quantitative psychiatry.

ABSTRACT: The biomolecular approach to major depression disorder is explained by the different steps that involve cell membrane viscosity, Gsalpha protein and tubulin. For the first time it is hypothesised that a biomolecular pathway exists, moving f... expand abstractrom cell membrane viscosity through Gsalpha protein and Tubulin, which can condition the conscious state and is measurable by electroencephalogram study of the brain's gamma wave synchrony. collapse abstract

Bio molecular considerations in major depression and ischemic cardiovascular disease.

In our study we have evaluated the theme of the platelet fatty acid composition in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of Major Depression (MD), in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) according to the coronary angiograph... expand abstracty and in control subjects. We have analyzed all the groups without taking in account therapies, gender and age. As far as we know, the platelet fatty acid composition has never been analyzed before, in MD. The results obtained with the Self Organizing Map (SOM) show the evidence of three fatty acids, Arachidonic Acid (AA), Linoleic Acid (LA), and Palmitic Acid (PA) in a peculiar position with respect to the biochemical characterization of MD and three fatty acids, Arachidonic Acid (AA), Linoleic Acid (LA) and Oleic Acid (OA) in a peculiar position with respect to the biochemical characterization of the IHD. Bio molecular considerations are made about the possibility of controlling positive changes in platelet viscosity, in both pathologies. collapse abstract

Childhood obesity: recent advances and an experimental contribution

This work, in addition to the peculiar medical aspects of the children obesity, synthesize the experimental findings about the main plasmatic antioxidants (uric acid, ascorbic acid, retinol, coenzyme Q10, lycopene) and the platelet fatty acids profil... expand abstracte in groups of children according to the following BMI criteria: 43 with a BMI ranging between 25 and 29; 43 with a BMI ranging between 21.7 e 22.9 and 20 with a BMI ranging between 18.5 e 20; average age 10.49 +/- 2.66. The antioxidants show a particular behaviour: in fact they decrease according to the BMI recorded within the groups. About this issue the international literature is not consistent. Probably different results can be found in more severe condition of obesity. Another important result is for the platelet fatty acid, independently from the BMI, weight etc. compared to the other subjects. The difference found is for the stearic acid, from 15 to 21 point of percentage, compared to all the other groups investigated. In agreement with the international literature, stearic acid seems to have an important role in the control of the platelet activation. This finding, could offer a better possibility to understand the progression of the atherosclerosis towards the ischemic condition, according to the age. The utilisation of particular mathematic models, the Artificial Neural Network, beyond the normal advanced statistic methods, has open to the understanding of phenomena, otherwise, inexplicable. With the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) it has been possible to classify the children using the ANN map built for the depressive condition (platelet fatty acids markers: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) and the ANN map built for the ischemic condition (platelet fatty acids markers: oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid). Examining the maps, a certain percentage of children seems to be at high risk for several psychiatric conditions with respect to the major depression, while for the ischemic pathology the children are in the same position of the ischemic subjects. Because we know that the children are not ischemic, probably they have the same biochemical characteristics but are protected by the high level of stearic acid and by the high degree of saturation of the platelets. For this reason, children cannot belong to the map area of the major depression, which, in turn, is characterized by a very high degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Further studies are needed to better understand the complex situation of the children from the biochemical and psychiatric point of view. collapse abstract

Membrane platelet fatty acids: biochemical characterisation of the ischemic cardiovascular disease, characteristics of the paediatric age, through an artificial neural network interpretation

During the last 30 years, a huge research has been performed about the markers involved in the atherogenetic process and in the fatty acid thrombogenetic effect. More recently many studies have been made on the biochemical aspects of the saturated fa... expand abstracttty acids with respect to the cardiovascular risk, in particular, the Stearic Acid (SA). Because of the peculiar characteristic of the platelets in the control of the thrombogenetic risk, we have investigated the platelet fatty acid profile in three groups of subjects: supposed healthy (n = 60), ischemic (n = 50), young children (n = 118). The aim of the study was to understand wich of the fatty acids could be evaluated as markers of the ischemic cardiovascular pathology and to have the possibility to classifie the subjects using the artificial neural network (ANN) system. The results highlight the peculiar position of the Oleic Acid, Linoleic Acid and Arachidonic Acid. According to the ANN results of the ischemic subjects, the young children were in the same position. Because this result is not commonly accepted, as children are healty, we have looked for a reason. There are well strong reasons to believe that all this is due to the stearic acid wich is extremely higher than the stearic acid of all the other subjects investigated. Particularly it has been underlined the possibility to modify the platelet stearic and oleic acid to obtain a better saturation index (Stearic/Oleic ratio). This could bring to a better control of the cardiovascular risk. It is possible, according with the results obtained, to open a new field of research on the lipid metabolism of the young children in relation to the atherogenesis. It is the first time that an observation on the platelet membrane phospholipid stearic acid is made in comparison to other adult subjects and a plausible explanation is given about the protection of the young children against the cardiovascular disease. collapse abstract

The use of artificial neural networks to study fatty acids in neuropsychiatric disorders.

BACKGROUND: The range of the fatty acids has been largely investigated in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper we investigate, for the first time, whether the study of the platelet fatty aci... expand abstractds from such patients may be facilitated by means of artificial neural networks. METHODS: Venous blood samples were taken from 84 patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of major depressive disorder and from 60 normal control subjects without a history of clinical depression. Platelet levels of the following 11 fatty acids were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance: C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1 n-9, C18:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:3 n-3, C20:4 n-6 and C22:6 n-3. The results were then entered into a wide variety of different artificial neural networks. RESULTS: All the artificial neural networks tested gave essentially the same result. However, one type of artificial neural network, the self-organizing map, gave superior information by allowing the results to be described in a two-dimensional plane with potentially informative border areas. A series of repeated and independent self-organizing map simulations, with the input parameters being changed each time, led to the finding that the best discriminant map was that obtained by inclusion of just three fatty acids. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that artificial neural networks may be used to analyze platelet fatty acids in neuropsychiatric disorder. Furthermore, they show that the self-organizing map, an unsupervised competitive-learning network algorithm which forms a nonlinear projection of a high-dimensional data manifold on a regular, low-dimensional grid, is an optimal type of artificial neural network to use for this task. collapse abstract

A comparison of oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers: an in vivo human quantitative study of n-3 lipid peroxidation.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is believed to cause oxidative stress by several mechanisms, including direct damage by radical species and the inflammatory response induced by smoking, and would therefore be expected to cause increased lipid peroxidat... expand abstraction. The aim was to carry out the first study of the relationship of smoking in humans to the level of n-3 lipid peroxidation indexed by the level of ethane in exhaled breath. METHODS: Samples of alveolar air were obtained from 11 smokers and 18 non-smokers. The air samples were analyzed for ethane using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The two groups of subjects were matched with respect to age and gender. The mean cumulative smoking status of the smokers was 11.8 (standard error 2.5) pack-years. The mean level of ethane in the alveolar breath of the group of smokers (2.53 (0.55) ppb) was not significantly different from that of the group of non-smokers (2.59 (0.29) ppb; p = 0.92). With all 29 subjects included, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between ethane levels and cumulative smoking status was -0.11 (p = 0.58), while an analysis including only the smokers yielded a corresponding correlation coefficient of 0.11 (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Our results show no evidence that cigarette smoking is related to increased n-3 lipid peroxidation as measured by expired ethane. collapse abstract

Fatty acids and oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is published evidence for increased oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS: A PubMed search was carried out using the MeSH search term 'oxidative stress' in conjunction... expand abstract with each of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories of the American Psychiatric Association in order to identify potential studies. RESULTS: There was published evidence of increased oxidative stress in the following DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories: mental retardation; autistic disorder; Rett's disorder; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; delirium; dementia; amnestic disorders; alcohol-related disorders; amphetamine (or amphetamine-like)-related disorders; hallucinogen-related disorders; nicotine-related disorders; opioid-related disorders; schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; mood disorders; anxiety disorders; sexual dysfunctions; eating disorders; and sleep disorders. CONCLUSION: Most psychiatric disorders are associated with increased oxidative stress. Patients suffering from that subgroup of these psychiatric disorders in which there is increased lipid peroxidation might therefore benefit from fatty acid supplementation (preferably with the inclusion of an antioxidant-rich diet) while patients suffering from all these psychiatric disorders might benefit from a change to a whole-food plant-based diet devoid of refined carbohydrate products. collapse abstract

Fatty acids composition of plasma phospholipids and triglycerides in children with cystic fibrosis. The effect of dietary supplementation with an olive and soybean oils mixture.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by abnormal levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) in plasma phospholipids. The reduced availability of EFA has been reported to alter patterns of circulating and tissue esterified acids and may determine profound... expand abstract changes in membrane fluidity and cell signaling mechanisms. In the current study, the results of a new strategy aimed at the realization of a practical, low cost integrator, for daily use in the dietary management of FC subjects, are reported. We investigated the plasma phospholipids and triglycerides fatty acids composition of CF patients subjected to a dietary supplement constituted of a mixture of 50% extra virgin olive oil and 50% soybean oil and studied the clinical effects of this supplementation. The study included fourteen young subjects, aged between 6 and 15 years, affected by cystic fibrosis, with pancreatic insufficiency and heterozygotes or homozygotes for the delta F508 mutation. The subjects were matched by age and randomly assigned to either an oil mixture supplemented (OM) group (n = 7), or to a control (C) group (n = 7). In contrast to the control group, the patients with supplemented diet achieved significant increases of the relative amount of C18:1 in the triglycerides as well as a significant decrease in saturated fatty acids (C 16:0, C 17:0, C 18:0, C 22:0). Moreover, the ratio between LA acid and AA significantly increased in the triglycerides of the OM group. In the phospholipids of the OM group, the relative amount of C 18:1 and of palmitic acid increased significantly whereas the relative amount of the most important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased. These results show that oleic acid can be absorbed and incorporated into the plasma triglycerides of CF patients receiving pancreatic enzymes, whereas poor incorporation of LA occurs. Despite the reduction in the relative amounts of phospholipid PUFA, the supplemented subjects did not reported adverse effects There were no significant differences between groups in the clinical indexes recorded (height, weight, BMI, Schwachman-Kulczycki score and FEV 1s). The results of this study showed that the supplementation with a mixture of extravirgin olive and soybean oil was safe in seven CF patients treated during a 2-months period and no negative clinical effects were evident. However, further clinical trials will be necessary in order to better evaluate the consequence of the observed changes in plasma fatty acids composition in a longer testing period. collapse abstract

Effect of diets containing different amounts of precursor and derivative fatty acids on serum TXB2.

Dietary precursor and derivative polyunsaturated fatty acids influence metabolic parameters, such as eicosanoid synthesis. We have studied the effect of dietary intakes of lipids containing different amounts of precursor and derivative fatty acids (o... expand abstractlive oil, olive-blackcurrant-fish oil mixture, blackcurrant-fish oil mixture, MCT (medium chain triglycerides)-soyabean oil mixture) on serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in four groups of rats. Plasma fatty acid composition showed differences related to dietary intakes. TXB2 levels were similar in all conditions except in the group receiving the mixture of olive-blackcurrant-fish oils which showed lower values. collapse abstract

The effect of dietary lipid changes on the fatty acid composition and function of liver, heart and brain mitochondria in the rat at different ages.

A correlation between dietary lipids and cellular enzyme activities is a problem that has only been partially addressed by nutritionists. Therefore, changes in the fatty acid composition and the activities of some key metabolic enzymes (ubiquinol-2-c... expand abstractytochrome c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2), cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)) in the mitochondria of liver, heart and brain of rats fed on diets differing extensively in their polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions have been investigated. The results showed that fatty acid compositional changes brought about by the dietary differences were associated with extensive changes in the activities of these key enzymes in the mitochondria. The extent of the influence differed considerably with the period over which the diets were fed. The role of dietary lipids to effect changes through the preservation of membrane structural integrity is discussed. collapse abstract

Alpha-tocopherol absorption and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the developing chick embryo.

1. A study has been made relating alpha-tocopherol uptake from the yolk and yolk sac membrane to the polyunsaturated fatty acid status of the liver during incubation. 2. Whereas at day 15 of incubation lipid in the liver showed an exceedingly high de... expand abstractgree of unsaturation and potential for oxidation because of accumulation of C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-tocopherol concentrations were exceedingly low. 3. In contrast, very high concentrations of alpha-tocopherol occurred within the liver just before hatching by which time amounts of polyunsaturates and the need for oxidation protection had reduced considerably. collapse abstract

Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of pig meat lipids by dietary means

Pigmeat products have been associated with an unhealthy image due to the relative proportions of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The aim of this experiment was to improve the fatty acid profile of the carcass fat by feeding various dietary... expand abstract sources of fat. collapse abstract

Effect of soya and cellulose fibers on postprandial glycemic response in type II diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect on serum glucose and insulin of a preprandial ingestion of 7 g of soya fibers or of an equal amount of purified cellulose on eight non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Four t... expand abstractests were conducted in each patient in random order. In the first study, soya or cellulose was ingested before a standard breakfast, and postprandial glucose and insulin curves were determined. In the second study, intestinal absorption was investigated by means of a standard D-xylose absorption excretion test after the ingestion of soya or cellulose. RESULTS: Insulin profiles did not differ between the two treatments. The glycemic profiles after soya ingestion were lower than those after cellulose ingestion. The area under the glucose curve and glucose peaks were significantly higher after cellulose ingestion (area under the curve 20.2 +/- 3.88 vs. 15.57 +/- 4.42 mM x min, P = .05; glucose peaks 4.97 +/- 0.76 vs. 3.77 +/- 0.77 mM, P less than 0.02). The xylose tests were in the normal range, indicating that there was no interference with exose absorption, and no statistical difference was found between cellulose and soya treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that soya fiber compared with purified cellulose has a favorable effect on the rise of postprandial glycemia in type II diabetic patients; moreover, the use of soya fibers did not carry any untoward side effect. collapse abstract

Influence of dietary fatty acids on phospholipid composition and prostaglandin E synthesis in rat kidneys.

The effects of oils with different amounts of n6 and n3 fatty acid precursors and derivatives were evaluated on phospholipid composition and PGE2 synthesis of rat kidneys. Dietary lipids were: olive oil, an olive-blackcurrant-fish oil mixture and a b... expand abstractlackcurrant-fish oil mixture. We observed in the kidneys of rats fed the blackcurrant-fish oil mixture a significant decrease in PGE2 synthesis, while arachidonate values did not show significant variations. A decrease of PGE2 synthesis could be due to competitive and inhibitory effects of fatty acids other than arachidonate, observed in the kidney phospholipid composition in our dietary conditions. collapse abstract

Lipid metabolism and the neonatal chicken.

Effect of different intravenous nutrients on metabolic changes in short-term fasted man.

It is well documented (1-3) that a balanced use of nutritive solutions is important to maintain metabolic homeostasis and a better control of nutrient flux in fasting patients. In this trial, 10 healthy males, aged 30-50 years, fasted for 12 h, were ... expand abstractsubjected to intravenous nutrient loads in three separate trials. In the first trial they received only a fat emulsion, in the second fat emulsion and L-amino acid solution, and in the third fat emulsion, L-amino acid solution and glucose solution, 240 and 480 min after intravenous infusion plasma triglycerides, serum cholesterol, free fatty acids, lactate, glucose and plasma amino acids were determined. Significant biochemical changes were detected with regard to triglycerides, lactic acid, free fatty acids, alanine, glutamine, lysine and proline concentrations, depending on the different mixtures utilized. collapse abstract

Effect of chemically defined formula diets on pancreatic mass in the rat.

To establish the effect of chemically defined formula diets on pancreatic mass, 58 male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 200 g, were fed orally one of the following diets for 20 days: standard diet; partially hydrolyzed diet; elemental diet. The d... expand abstractiets were isocaloric and provided 73 cal/day per rat. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed and pancreas removed to assess wet weight and DNA and RNA content. Compared to the controls, the elemental diet caused a reduction in pancreatic wet weight (p less than 0.005), pancreatic DNA (p less than 0.001), and RNA content (p less than 0.001). In the group fed partially hydrolyzed diet, only pancreatic DNA content showed an highly significant reduction when compared with the reference group (p less than 0.001), whereas the value of RNA failed to reach the statistical significance. We found an increase of the ratio mg RNA/mg DNA in the partially hydrolyzed and elemental diet groups. These results suggest that long-term nutrition with the partially hydrolyzed diet, and more strongly with the elemental diet, may induce pancreatic hypoplasia. collapse abstract

Effect of C 18:3 (n-3) dietary supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the rat brain.

Weanling rats have been fed different diets containing hydrogenated coconut oil or a mixture of grapestone + linseed oil as dietary fats. Groups of 12 animals have been sacrificed at weanling or after 60 or 120 days of this dietary treatment. Body an... expand abstractd brain weight, brain total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, cerebroside, fatty acid content and fatty acid composition have been evaluated. The diet rich in alphalinolenic acid (C 18:3 n-3) induced a significant increase of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C 22:5 and C 22:6, n-3) in the brain, with respect to the other experimental conditions. collapse abstract

Fatty acid composition of single brain structures following different alpha linolenate dietary supplementations.

Weanling female rats randomly divided into three groups were fed a basal alipidic diet added with 10% (w/w) corn oil, soybean oil or linseed oil. After thirty and ninety days of dietary treatment the rats were killed and the fatty acid composition of... expand abstract brain, optic nerve and visual cortex was determined. The results demonstrate a different sensitivity to the diet of the different structures examined and, for the linseed oil treated rats, a strong decrease in the proportions of the total (n-6 + n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in all the structures examined. collapse abstract

Effects of dietary fiber on the modulation of sensation of hunger and satiety: subjective evaluation of responses and changes in several biohumoral indicators