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functional
Improving quality of functional requirements by measuring their functional size Improving quality of functional requirements by measuring their
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Quantifying Functional Reuse from Object Oriented . . .
Software reuse is essential in improving efficiency and productivity in the software development process. This paper analyses reuse within requirements engineering phase by taking and adapting a standard functional size measurement method, COSMIC FFP... expand abstract. Our proposal attempts to quantify reusability from Object Oriented requirements specifications by identifying potential primitives with a high level of reusability and applying a reuse indicator. These requirements are specified using OO-Method, an automatic software production method based on transformation models. We illustrate the application of our proposal in a Car Rental real system. collapse abstract
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Can Neural Networks be easily Interpreted in Software Cost Estimation?
The use of the neural networks to estimate software development effort has been viewed with skepticism by the majority of the cost estimation community. Although, neural networks have shown their strengths in solving complex problems, their shortcomi... expand abstractng of being `black boxes' has prevented them to be accepted as a common practice for cost estimation. In this paper, we study the interpretation of cost estimation models based on a Back-propagation three multilayer Perceptron network. Our idea consists in the use of a method that maps this neural network to a fuzzy rule-based system. Consequently, if the obtained fuzzy rules are easily interpreted, the neural network will also be easy to interpret. Our experiment is made using the COCOMO'81 dataset. collapse abstract
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On The Compatibility Between Full Function Points And IFPUG Function Points
Release 1.0 of the Full Function Points measurement method was proposed in 1997 to measure the functional size of real-time or embedded software. Since then, field tests have shown the applicability and usefulness of this measurement method not only ... expand abstractfor real-time or embedded software, but also for other types of software like system software and MIS software. This paper investigates the issue of measurement compatibility between the designs of both the FFP and IFPUG measurement methods. Such compatibility is required to perform mathematical operations involving results from both methods and mixing them into a single functional size measure. The compatibility of both measurement objects and measurement processes is analyzed and the accuracy of their aggregation function is identified as being dependent on the level of granularity at which the measurement functions are applied. Comparing the two approaches, we find that the precision of this aggregation function corresponds to the lowest common denominator of the two approaches. collapse abstract
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Measuring the Functional Size of Conceptual Models in an MDA Environment 1
Abstract. The measurement of the functional size of applications generated in MDA environments is a challenge for the software development industry. This paper presents the OO-Method COSMIC Function Points (OOmCFP), a measurement procedure that has b... expand abstracteen designed to measure the functional size of object-oriented applications generated from their conceptual models by means of model transformations. collapse abstract
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Software Reuse Evaluation based on Functional Similarity in COSMIC-FFP Size Components
Software reuse is often recommended for improving the productivity of the development process. However, recognizing opportunities for reuse remains a challenge. This work proposes a technique to identify opportunities for reuse based on the similarit... expand abstracty between software functions. This technique, referred to here as “functional similarity”, is based on functional information collected by the COSMIC-FFP measurement method during the measurement of the software. The proposed approach is applied to a set of measurement case studies for which opportunities for functional reuse have been identified and quantified. 1. collapse abstract
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Evaluation Theory Research Problem Reference Disciplines
Understanding how to design and conduct a successful software process assessment (SPA) is an important issue in small and very small (SVS) organizations with software process improvement (SPI) initiatives. Although designers of the SPA process claim ... expand abstractthat their assessment methods fit for small and very small organizations, and also in the SPA literature there are many reports of case studies of successful companies and the descriptions of their successful implementation of an SPA processes as well as the whole SPI programs, but there is typically no independent evaluation of these claims. Furthermore, there has been no systematic attempt to synthesize and organize the available data provided by this literature. collapse abstract
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Component models
Software composition is a relatively new software construction paradigm which, to a certain extent, succeeds in reducing software complexity, increasing software reuse. In addition, it reduces the development efforts and development costs, and result... expand abstracts in better software quality. Even though well engineered components are highly modular, the composition of their behavioural members is a rigid and less modular process. Currently, composing software components results in application context unused component members (see Figure 1) which results in certain limitations: � Inappropriate use of the unwanted functionalities. � Less reuse � Memory and network consumption collapse abstract
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Pattern-Oriented and Model-Driven Architecture for Interactive Systems
During the past two decades, research on interactive systems and user interfaces engineering has resulted in a set of design principles and development frameworks. The principles and development frameworks are a great contribution not only to facilit... expand abstractate the development and maintenance of interactive systems, but also to promote the standardization, portability and ergonomic "usability ” (ease of use) of the systems being collapse abstract
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Multiple Viewpoints In Functional Size Measurement
Although there is broad agreement on the sorts of things to take into account when measuring functional size, there is a variety of opinion about how to do it. This is partly because several different views of functionality are addressed in functiona... expand abstractl size measurement. Some are better understood than others. In particular, the "general systems characteristics" (GSC's) and "value adjustment factor" (VAF) are poorly understood. Our aim is to provide a foundation for research that may improve this aspect of functional size measurement. collapse abstract
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Software Metrics Need to Mature into Software Metrology
If software engineering is to mature into a recognized engineering discipline, it needs to be supported by measures, measurement methods and well tested descriptive and quantitative models. Other disciplines have developed a considerable body of know... expand abstractledge with respect to measures, measurement instruments and quantitative models using measurement results to analyze relationships across objects and attributes. How does software engineering compare to other fields in this respect? This position paper highlights some current high-level ambiguities in the domain of software metrics, whereas this term is often interpreted with what would be considered multiple definitions; similarly for the expression metrics validation which is used in many ways with different meanings, leaving practitioners confused and researchers with considerable challenge in leveraging other researchers' contributions on similarly named but distinct issues. To reach maturity, the software engineering knowledge are, referred to as software metrics must mature into software metrology as in other disciplines. collapse abstract
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International Workshop on Software Measurement (IWSM99) -- September 8-10, 1999
The paper proposes a general framework to build a model for automatic Function Point Analysis (FPA) from the source code of COBOL system using program slicing technique. The COBOL system source code is scanned by the model to produce Function Point c... expand abstractounts. The application's source files are used to define the application's boundary for the count. The model takes into account the structure of the COBOL language to identify physical files and transactions. Reserved words as FDs, file input/output statements (READ and WRITE) and user interface and data manipulation statements (ACCEPT, DISPLAY and MOVE) are used as basic information for program slicing technique to identify candidate physical files and transactions. Some heuristic rules will be proposed in order to map candidate physical files and transactions into candidate logical files and transactions. These candidate files and transactions are then assessed with regards to the IFPUG' identifying rules in order to identify data function types and transactional function types to be counted. The proposed framework helps to build models for automating Function Point Analysis from source code in compliance with the IFPUG Counting Practices Manual. collapse abstract
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From Software Metrics to Software Measurement Methods:
This paper presents a process model for software measurement methods. The proposed model details the distinct steps from the design of a measurement method, to its application, then to the analysis of its measurement results and last to the exploitat... expand abstraction of these results in subsequent models, such as in quality and estimation models. From this model, a validation framework can be designed for analyzing whether or not a software metrics could qualify as a measurement method. The model can also be used for analyzing the coverage of the validation methods proposed for software metrics. collapse abstract
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Reliability of Function Points Productivity Model for Enhancement Projects (a Field Study)
The objective of this article is to illustrate the use of productivity models for enhancement projects and to report on the reliability of Function Points-based models. The results of afield study at a major canadian financial institution indicate th... expand abstractat Function Points- based productivity models are within the range of the recommended criteria for good models in software engineering : a mean relative error of +/-25 % in 75 % of caxes. collapse abstract
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Functional Complexity Measurement
The specific analysis of FPA, from a complexity viewpoint, leads us to propose an initial model of functional complexity in which software complexity is a function of component complexity and system complexity.
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How to Implement a Measurement Program: From Theory to Practice Jean-Marc Desharnais, SELAM, Anjou, du
This paper presents an approach to implementing a measurement program at the organizational level, underscores the roadblocks to be expected at different phases of the implementation process and suggests some strategies to overcome them. 1
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Adapting Function Points
This report describes work done by the Software Engineering Management Research Laboratory at the Universit du Qubec Montral and its industrial research partner SELAM to adapt FPA to real-time software. Section 2 identifies some real-time limitation... expand abstracts of FPA. Next, in section 3, the proposed extension is presented. The practical aspects of counting applications with the extension are addressed in section 4 collapse abstract
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Identification of the Structural Weaknesses of Function Point Metrics
this article we will only refer to the current offical standard, IFPUG 90
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Challenges in Functional Challenges in Functional Size Measurement Size Measurement
efinition of the numerical assignment rules Software documentation gathering Application of the numerical assignement method of the objectives Result Characterization of the concept to be measured Construction of the software model Estimation model... expand abstract Exploitation of the result (examples) Budgeting model Quality ... ... Productivity Key classic requirements A large consensus on the concept to be measured: what is included what is excluded Measurement scale Reference for the measurement scale (talon) Measurement instruments (with known precision) Example Distance & Measurement: v concept scale (and maturity) v reference distinct measurement instruments to take contexts into consideration various degrees of granularity various degrees of accuracy Context of interpretation A number + v measurement scale measurement rules & procedures v measurement accuracy other variables to help interpret and make a decision /evaluation Functional Size Measur collapse abstract
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D: Quality Factor Through QFD application
In recent years, several Total Quality Management (TQM) techniques have been introduced for better Software Quality Management. One of these techniques is Quality Function Deployment (QFD). This papers shows how QFD has been applied to an existing so... expand abstractftware quality assessment technique, the Quality Factor technique (QF). This improved technique, QF D, uses ISO/IEC 9126:2000 standards in its implementation. The procedure for deriving QF D is presented, together with an example. collapse abstract
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Initial Modeling of the Measurement Concepts in the ISO Vocabulary of Terms in Metrology
The field of software metrics is usually discussed from the perspective referred to as `measurement theory'. However, in other disciplines, the domain of knowledge referred to as `metrology' is the foundation for the development and use of ... expand abstractmeasurement instruments and measurement processes. This paper presents an initial modelling of the sets of measurement concepts documented in the ISO International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology. In particular, this modelling illustrates the various levels of abstraction of the concepts as well as the relationships across related concepts and sub-concepts. We refer to this representation type as the topology of the concepts within the ISO Vocabulary. These models will provide the basis for analysing the current status of the field of 'software metrics' and to suggest improvements along the classical path of the field of metrology. collapse abstract
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On the applicability of COSMIC-FFP for measuring
Software measurement plays a key role in software engineering and, to improve its performance, an organisation needs to measure software at each stage of the development life cycle. Recently, the COSMIC-FFP measurement method has been developed to i... expand abstractmprove the measurement of the functional size of a large array of software types. By quantifying software's functional user requirements, the method makes it possible to measure software from the user's viewpoint. The COSMIC-FFP measurement method has been designed based on a software functional model that can represent the functional user requirements at many levels of functional abstraction, such as software layers, functional processes and data movement sub-processes. collapse abstract
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Using COSMIC-FFP to Quantify Functional Reuse
One of the means organisations use to adequately measure the performance of their software engineering process, is to try to identify how much reuse has actually occurred. In this paper, the COSMIC-FFP (COSMIC-Full Function Points) measurement method... expand abstract is proposed as a method for quantifying reuse from a functional perspective rather than from a technical perspective. collapse abstract
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Improving Software Functional Size Measurement
Software functional size measurement is regarded as a key aspect in the production, calibration and use of software engineering productivity models because of its independence of technologies and of implementation decisions. In 1997, Full Function Po... expand abstractints (FFP) was proposed as a method for measuring the functional size of real-time and embedded software. Since its introduction, the FFP measurement method has been field-tested in many organizations which have provided feedback on ways to improve it. collapse abstract
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Exploring the Relation Between Effort and Duration in Software Engineering Projects
This paper presents a confirmatory analysis of empirical models that predict software engineering project duration based on project effort, based on a more recent and much larger sample. The models are based on the analysis of project data provided b... expand abstracty release 4 of the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) repository. Duration models are built for subsets of projects using personal computer, mid-range and mainframe development platforms. collapse abstract
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